There has been a clear trend in recent federal polling – One Nation has been gaining ground, seemingly at the expense of the Coalition. We’ve now reached a point where One Nation are regularly polling in the mid-teens. If they were to achieve such an election result, it would be the highest vote share polled by a minor party in a federal election under the modern party system, in excess of the best results for the Greens or the Democrats.
There’s a long time to go before the next election, but it does raise questions about what an election held with current polling might look like.
Thankfully pollster DemosAU has given us a glimpse of what this might look like, with the publication of a new MRP poll.
The top-level figures for this poll have been a talking point throughout this week, but for this blog post I wanted to use this poll as an opportunity to look at what we do know and what we don’t know about how a surge in the vote for a minor party might change how an election works.
It isn’t just one pollster showing this One Nation surge. The party polled 6.4% at the 2025 federal election (running in 147 out of 150 seats). The first Roy Morgan polls in June 2025 showed the party still on 6%, but the first Redbridge post-election poll in late June had the party on 9%. They first cracked 10% in an August-September Redbridge poll and have been in double digits in every poll since the end of September.
Five of the nine latest polls have One Nation on 17% or 18%. This has been found by Redbridge twice, as well as Spectre Strategy and by MRPs from DemosAU and YouGov.
The DemosAU poll was released on Tuesday, with a sample size of 6928 respondents, conducted from October 5 to November 11.
The headline figure of twelve One Nation seats is shocking, but it gives us an insight into how our electoral system might operate differently if a minor party was to poll this highly: particularly when they get close to parity with one of the major parties.
It is worth stating that MRPs should be taken with more than a grain of salt. They can give you a general sense of how the vote will play out in our electoral landscape, but I wouldn’t put too much focus on any one electorate. In this case, there is a lot of unknowns about how a One Nation surge would go.
The MRP includes a number of steps, and I am more qualified to analyse some of them than others. Firstly, DemosAU has used their large polling sample to estimate primary vote figures in all 150 electorates for Labor, Coalition, Greens, One Nation and “others”. I won’t try to interrogate this result.
Secondly, they determine which two candidates are most likely to be in the two-candidate-preferred count, and then they use estimates of preference flows to calculate a 2CP. This then allows them to classify seats based on who is winning and by how much.
It is the estimates of preference flows where I think these estimates become the least reliable, and I will dive further into that issue later in this post.
What makes this poll most fascinating is how it explores the ways in which single-member electorates can produce distorting results, where a relatively small shift in votes can totally change the dynamics in numerous seats.
DemosAU have One Nation making the 2CP count in 49 out of 150 seats, up from just two at the May 2025 election. There were a further three seats where they didn’t include ON in the 2CP but it was a close-run thing, with ON either outpolling or tieing with one of the top two on primary votes. DemosAU has One Nation polling 25% or more in 21 seats, and 30% or more in eight seats.
Just 76 out of 150 seats (a bare majority) would be classic Labor vs Coalition contests.
If this was to come true, the dynamics would be totally different in those seats, and would be far more volatile. The leading candidate had a primary vote of 37% on average across the 150 seats. The leading candidate would only poll 40% or more in 52 out of 150 seats. Preferences would become more crucial, with orders of elimination deciding numerous seats.
Let’s go back to those 49 seats with One Nation making the final count. These seats understandably tend to the conservative and rural. Just 25 are Labor-held, with 21 held by the Coalition and three held by others (Calare, Indi and Kennedy). That is barely a quarter of all Labor seats, but almost half of the Coalition’s current seats. These seats are mostly outside the cities. 22 of these seats are classified “rural”, 12 are “provincial”, and 15 are “outer metropolitan”. That’s about half of all rural and provincial seats.
Of the twelve seats that DemosAU has One Nation winning, eight of them are rural. The only outer metro seat is Canning in Western Australia. Eleven of these seats are Coalition-held seats, plus Calare (which I have particularly strong doubts about).
Regardless of what preference estimates you apply to this list, it would undoubtedly cause havoc, particularly to the Coalition’s remaining MPs. Some Labor MPs may be worried, but the core of Labor’s majority would remain untouched by such a movement.
So let’s get to these preference estimates.
The problem is that we don’t have much of a sample of how preferences flow when One Nation makes the two-candidate-preferred count. In the last two decades, One Nation has only made the 2CP four times: once each in 2016 and 2019, and twice in 2025.
Those two seats in 2025 were Hunter and Maranoa, won respectively by Labor and the LNP. So we have one example of a Labor vs One Nation contest, and one example of an LNP vs One Nation contest.
DemosAU have used the preference flows in these seats to calculate the 2CP, and that is what has produced twelve seats for One Nation.
I think this is a reasonable decision – after all, it’s the only data we have – but we should take it with an enormous pile of salt.
It’s particularly problematic when it comes to calculating the general ‘others’ vote. In Hunter, One Nation gained a strong flow of preferences from Trumpet of Patriots (75%), Family First (69%) and the Shooters (63%), but more than half of preferences from Legalise Cannabis and Animal Justice flowed to Labor.
Yet in Maranoa, every single party in the ‘others’ category was from the far right – People First, Libertarian, Family First and Trumpet of Patriots. While this is not that surprising in seats where One Nation is strong, I assume there will be some left-leaning voters in that ‘others’ group.
If I dial down the preference flow to One Nation vs LNP from ‘others’ from 67.7% to 55%, the Coalition regains the lead in three seats: Lyne, Groom and Riverina.
I also think we should put aside the result for the seat of Calare – I think DemosAU is probably understating Andrew Gee’s share of the ‘others’ vote and his share of preferences against One Nation, but none of that is based on much in the way of verifiable facts.
So with those four seats not in the One Nation column, this leaves One Nation winning eight seats. Which is still a lot!
The other thing to note is that all eight of these One Nation wins are in a 2CP contest against Labor, with the Coalition dropping into third place. These eight seats are Canning, Capricornia, Flynn, Grey, Hinkler, Parkes, Wide Bay and Wright. They are all now held by the Coalition, but in all eight the MRP has the Coalition dropping into third.
It has become obvious for a while now that it is easier for the Greens to win a seat where Labor falls into third place and they benefit from Labor preferences. It is much more difficult for the Greens to win against Labor when Liberal preferences favour Labor. This explains why the Greens won Ryan, Brisbane and Griffith in 2022, and also explains their loss of Brisbane and Griffith in 2025. If One Nation begin making the 2CP more regularly, they are far more likely to win when the Coalition drops into third place, and Coalition preferences elect One Nation over Labor.
I should also note that the Greens lose Ryan in this MRP, not because the Greens vote drops much, but because the LNP drops and Labor gains ground.
There is clearly a lot of volatility in the electoral system, although it it mostly concentrated on the right – this MRP shows Labor winning almost two thirds of seats, with the more progressive and urban parts of the country largely continuing as they are while the rural and right-wing parts descend into a fierce Coalition-One Nation contest. Our electoral system is not designed to represent these parties fairly, and it can produce large seat changes on relatively small shifts in support.
If polls continue to report similar numbers as we approach the next election, there will be a lot we won’t know about who will win seats. It certainly won’t be boring.
@Up the dragons, Sure, that is what separates them; however, they align on other issues.
If One Nation wins a single lower house seat in 2028 I would be very surprised.
They are not a credible alternative to the Coalition. They merely provide a permission structure for those on the fringes to express their greviences.
The calibre of their candidates and lack of forward vision will bring them undone.
“They are not a credible alternative to the Coalition.”
Perhaps not, but in a democracy everyones vote is as good as everyone else’s and the National Party can’t differentiate it’s policy with Labor policy on immigration or action on climate change.
It’s alternative to NetZero is the OECD’s version of NetZero, that’s not going to wash with their voters by 2028. Similarly with Immigration, Littleproud wants higher levels, he just wants the migrants in rural communities.
That’s it.
What’s gonna happen is the LNP gets a Federal haircut in the Reps and ON gets Party status in the Senate.
Look at the Qld 1998 election: The National Party vote collapsed, but Labor lost more seats to ON than the National Party did.
Moderate Liberals and Labor Right are two separate circles in a venn diagram.
Labor Right supports centre-left Economics but are generally more socially conservative. The opposite is true for the Moderate Liberals.
I’d argue Labor Right is to the right of the moderate Liberals in terms of social policy.
@ CJ
Yes you are correct
Labor Right are often Socially Conservative and sometimes Hawkish on Foreign Policy like the Late Kimberley Kitching, Raff Ciccione, Deborah O’Neil.
Labor RIght are often the Catholic Wing so they are more DLP (Economically Left, Pro Union) But Socially Right (Religion and Foreign Policy). They represent interests of the traditional blue collar base.
Moderate Libs are often free market lower taxes but SOcially Moderate, secular They represent the interests of the Affluent/Well educated. These are more Teal
Apart from Leichhardt in FNQ, there isn’t a Labor seat north of Deception Bay, about 40ks from the Brisbane CBD.
LNP will be between a rock and a hard place, attack ON and Coalition voters will wonder what the Liberal and National Parties stand for, play a straight bat and they risk getting swamped anyway.
I’d take the polling seriously, ON isn’t a Loony Right phenomenon, it draws just as many Labor Voters as it does National Party voters.
It’s in Labor’s interests to preference LNP and they’re 99% likely to do that, but the problem lies in seats like Oxley Rankin and Blair.
LNP preferencing Labor over ON there is likely to enrage their voters in places like Gympie and Rocky, but if they preference ON they lose even more voters in the capitals to Teals, which puts the Liberal Party on the Senate slippery dip.
Forget the Nationals in the half Senate election, they’ll lose their Senators in Qld NSW and Victoria
I’m genuinely surprised to see someone say the Liberals are left of centre, in my political spaces Labor is right of centre. I suppose it goes to show how such terms are basically meaningless.
@Clarinet it’s a matter of perspective.
For example, we’d view the US Democratic Party as being right of centre. Many in the US see them as left wing, correctly or wrongly.
@Clarinet – a bit surprising perhaps to some but in reality not really. The parties have historically been primarily based around their economic arguments with social and cultural issues being secondary. That has been the case with most major parties world wide at least in the West. It has only been fairly recently that other issues have created wedges enough to create new political forces. Immigration being one and the prime driver of One Nation.
The Big question is whether ON can develop into a full and lasting political organization rather than just being a reflection of the moment. One issue parties tend to rise and fall based on the perceived salience of the issue at the time. Whether voters can find a long term “home” in ON is another story. Plus most voters still perceive either the Liberals/Coalition or Labor as the two choices to form government in the end.
One Nation is essentially the political vessel of Pauline Hanson. The real test will be what happens once she leaves the political scene. She is 71 after all.
ON is incoherent on Immigration, talking about assimilation is channeling Arthur Calwell, but how could Immigration levels be much of an issue where potential ON voters live, well away from the capitals?
Federal Governments routinely talk in $Billions, there’s [allegedly] $4 trillion in the Compulsory Superannuation pools, but where is it trickling down to people in Proserpine or Caboolture?
The ON vote is on the march, it improved 8.76% in Hinchinbrook while KAP dropped 16.28% and Labor 5.75%.
Liberals couldn’t hold Labor out of Longman without Preferencing ON and they risk leaking more votes to Labor anyway, which is what happened in the 1998 State election.
The bottom line is Liberalism is Progressivism, it was dicredited in England and America by the mid 1920s and supplanted by Nationalism at the time in Australia.
Logically, the natural home of the Liberal in 2025 is the Teals or the Green Party and the only way it could survive what’s going to happen in ’28 is for the Labor Party to split or collapse.
As @Up the Dragons said the Liberal Party is all fiscally conservative while the Labor Party is all fiscally progressive. But as @Pencil said the Moderates and Labor Right do overlap in terms of social policy, for the most part at least.
@CJ I’m not implying that that’s why the Coalition is moving right, but it certainly doesn’t help when people are openly praying for your downfall. A competitive opposition (a moderate Liberal Party and a moderate Labor Party) is good, or should I say vital, for democracy.
@ Nether Portal
I think there is a few Labor MPs who are bit Tealish but they are rare. I think Tim Watts, Josh Burns, Michelle Ananda-Rajah (when member for Higgins) and Anika Wells are often Pro LGBT, Pro Climate but fiscally conservative
However, as i mentioned many Labor Right MPs are socially consevative and religious like Deborah O’Neil, Shayne Neumann, Cassandra Fernando, Raff Ciccione, the late Kimberley Kitching, Don Farrell so they dont overlap with Liberals Moderates on Social policy
I agree a formidable opposition is good for democracy, but I think the “burn the Coalition” attitude lies in the complete incompatibility with young people and the Coalition’s policies.
They have to adapt eventually, or the coalition will die. Following the path of One Nation, which also consists of older voters, is not the way to go.
@Nimalan and NP, Labor Right consist with two groups with one being socially conservative but fiscally progressive while the other is socially progressive but fiscally moderate (the only reason why they aren’t a Liberal Moderate is since Coalition universally opposed to Unions)
@ Marh
Correct as many of the SDA affiliaited members are known for their social conservatism but Pro Union. I think the Liberals are trying to appeal to this demographic. For example Hastie car video was geared to a DLP type demographic.
Even thought the sda union is completely useless. And is effectively in the pocket of Woolworths and coles.
It might be interesting with on as Moderate Liberal such as Malcolm Turnbull is probably more socially progressive than a Labor Right such as Michael Danby but what actually defined their party membership was their support for unions.
@ Marh
I would also say some in the NSW Libs like James Griffin/Felicity Wilson or even Dave Sharma will be more socially progressive than Deborah O’Neil, Raff Cicione etc the main difference i would say is social class. Chris Minns is not really more Socially Progressive than Perorrete but main difference why they joined different parties is due to economic policy.
On the headline figures, if change in Seats was similar to Qld 1998, then National Party lose 6 to ON and Liberals lose 8 to Labor, which loses 6 to ON too. Then Labor pick up the Greens seat of Ryan and an Indie seat, probably Clark, possibly Kennedy.
If so, that heralds the end of the Liberal Party, not necessarily a bad outcome since Labor hasn’t much of a buffer on PV.
When Wilkie retires I doubt that labor will gain Clark – another independent of the Wilkie flavour or a Green is more likely.
@Votante: “I believe that One Nation is more likely to win Hunter, Paterson or Blair than a rural or provincial Coalition seat.” In fact, One Nation is more likely to win a rural or provincial Coalition seat than any of the seats you mentioned here, because even if One Nation makes the 2CP in these seats, the Labor support is simply too high for One Nation to catch up on Coalition preferences. In the 2025 federal election, the Labor 3CP was 54.60% for Hunter, 47.50% for Paterson and 49.22% for Blair. It’s certainly not possible for One Nation to defeat Labor on Coalition preferences if Labor 3CP is in the high 40s or even 50s. Labor votes need to collapse with 3CP dropping to below 40% for One Nation to be competitve, which certainly won’t happen under current nationwide polling that indicates Labor support is holding up well.
By contrast, rural and provincial seats have much more conservative voters, a significant proportion of which will be willing to switch to One Nation if they are not already voting One Nation, giving One Nation greater winning potential. It’s also not correct to suggest that the Coalition won’t fall to the third place in regional and rural seats where they leads on primary votes. For example, in Wright, arguably One Nation’s most winnable seat on current boundaries, the 3CP in 2025 was LNP 37.64%, ALP 35.06%, ON 27.30%. A 3CP swing of 5.18% from LNP to ON will cause LNP to drop to the third place and One Nation to win the seat. This is perfectly achievevable given the nationwide trend of the Coalition losing votes to One Nation, a shift that is strongest in rural and regional areas.
Flynn (2025 3CP: LNP: 41.40%, ALP: 33.07%, ON: 25.53%, LNP to ON 3CP swing required: 7.94%) and Capricornia (2025 3CP LNP: 39.34%, ALP: 38.05%, ON: 22.61%, LNP to ON 3CP swing required: 8.37%) are also worth watching. The fact that the LNP member for Capricornia is retiring at the next election will make the contest in Capricornia even more interesting.
@Blast2095: “In the Hunter in 2025, they managed ~60%. It’s ridiculous.” I don’t know where you get the 60% figure from. In Hunter in 2025, National preferences flowed 82.94% to One Nation, “other” preferences flowed 59.75% to One Nation and Greens preferences flowed 87.39% to Labor. Using these flows, I estimated a ON vs ALP 2CP of 57.34% for Capricornia, 60.92% for Flynn, 59.33% for Wright and 57.29% for Hinkler. These 2CP figures are all within 1% of the ON vs ALP 2CP recorded for these seats.
@RealTalk: I wouldn’t be surprised if One Nation wins one or two HoR seats at the 2028 federal election, however One Nation certainly won’t win eight seats, nor will it become the official opposition. There’s no guarantee that One Nation will win any HoR seats at the next federal election, however if it does, it will be at the expense of the Coalition. This will deepen the divide between moderate Liberals and conservative Liberals plus Nationals on how to combat the rise of One Nation. Moderate Liberals would want the Coalition to move to the centre and regain the support it lost in urban areas while attacking One Nation’s policy positions, while conservative Liberals and Nationals would want the Coalition to move further to the right and mimic One Nation. This schism could cause the Coalition and the Liberal Party itself to split.
I reckon Blair is going to lose Somerset come the redistribution next year. That would make it a lot more left leaning and highly unlikely for the right to win back. The growth in Ipswich is gonn shrink the seat. It will probably lose the rest of springfield to oxley as well.
@Joseph “The fact that the LNP member for Capricornia is retiring at the next election will make the contest in Capricornia even more interesting.”
Are you saure that’s right? There’s been no announcement and the election is 29 months away.
@John that would make logistical sense; Ipswich should have a dedicated MP for the LGA, not one who has to divide their time driving up the Brisbane Valley Highway to see constituents up in Esk and Kingaroy, as well as Ipswich. The numbers certainly stack up to back a change like that.
Logan City is the exact same, there is no single district in that LGA, with all of Rankin, Wright, and Forde sharing bits and pieces of the council.